In the twentieth century the world population increased from 1 billion to 7 billion people. Nevertheless the food availability per capita increased due to substantial increase in food production per ha especially in the major small grains, rice, wheat and maize, explaining more than 70% of the food package of the world population. In the coming three decades an additional food production has to be attained as the cumulated food production of the last 6000 years. That is possible when good production ecological approaches and practices are used world-wide. Not only food, but more nutritive food is needed as stunting and other problems including obesity are due to unbalanced diets. The role of food and feed production systems is crucial for world food and nutrition security. That is certainly possible but requires the adoption of best ecological means at well-endowed soils and appropriate land and water use. Thus the environmental side effects of agriculture are minimized and many hectares may be saved for nature and biodiversity. Production ecology moves in tandem with resource ecology and evolutionary ecology leading to sustainable food, water and biodiversity aims and maximizing resource use efficiency.